Acid Rain 8 :: essays research papers

Acid Rain is a type of air pollution, which is formed when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may then be carried long distances from a source before they are deposited by rain. This pollution may also take the form of snow, fog, or a dry form of precipitation. Acid rain is currently a subject of great controversy because of widespread environmental damage, for which it has been blamed, including eroding structures, injuring crops and forests, and threatening or depleting life in freshwater lakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem of acid rain originated during the Industrial Revolution, and has been growing ever since. The severity of its effects has long been recognized in local settings, exemplified by the spells of acid smog in heavily industrialized areas. The widespread destructiveness of acid rain, however, has become evident only in recent decades. One large area that has been studied extensively is northern Europe. In 1984, for example, environmental reports indicated that almost half the trees in Germany’s Black Forest had been damaged by acid rain. This form of pollution has also particularly affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid rain in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies; and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the U.S. government in the early 1980s, however, strongly implicated industries as the main source of acid rain in the eastern United States and Canada. In 1988, as part of the United Nations-sponsored long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Agreement, the United States and 24 other nations ratified a protocol freezing the rate of nitrogen oxide emissions at 1987 levels. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1967 put in place regulations to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide from power plants to 10 million tons per year by January 1, 2000.

Case Study for White Box Testing

White Box Case Study 1. Introduction In white-box testing, the purpose is to ensure that the all the code has been tested and covered. There are different coverage measures depending on the level of detail of the white-box test. The coverage measures may also be applied to integration testing and system testing. 2. Learning Objectives The exercise aims at giving an understanding of white-box. The specific learning goal is to gain a detailed insight into the concept of white-box testing using coverage measures. Assignment 1: Look at the program below. How many feasible paths are there for this program? Define a set of test cases that gives you 100% coverage of all the feasible paths. Input (score); If score < 45 then print (‘fail’); else print (‘pass’); If score > 80 then print (‘ with distinction’); End Assignment 2: In this week’s lab session you will test the NextDate program with white-box techniques. Get an understanding of how the program works, the code is available here Assignment 4: Make flowgraphs of the methods in the NextDate class. Assignment 5: Prepare test cases based on the flowgraph. Calculate the minimum number of test cases if the goal is: †¢ 100% Statement coverage †¢ 100% Decision/branch covergae †¢ 100% Condition coverage 4. Exercise (on computer) Assignment 6: Now we would like you to thoroughly test the NextDate program using white-box testing. You should implement the testcases you have prepared on paper using statement, decision,and condition coverage. Preferably implement them using JUnit. Implement more test cases if you realize that you missed any during the preparation. Remember to specify test case ID, what is tested, description, input, expected output and other useful information while executing your test cases. You may also want to make room for pass and fail notes and perhaps for comments. Record your test results carefully for your test report. Report The purpose of the report is to discuss the result of the exercise and related topics. Following parts should be included, 1) conclusions from the lab session, 2. Describe the outcome of your tests. Discuss the assignments and include the following: †¢ The flowgraphs from the preparation assignment. †¢ The test cases. Remember to specify the associated test technique to each test case. Also, specify the coverage measure of each method used. †¢ Defects detected. †¢ Which coverage criteria works best and why? †¢ When is each coverage criteria most applicable? †¢ Compare black-box test techniques (used in lab session 1) and white-box test techniques. Discuss advantages and disadvantages with each and when they are appropriate to use.

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Gatsby has already proved to himself and to Daisy that he is successful and he shares this with Daisy by showing her his possessions, including luxurious English shirts. While it appears that Gatsby wins Daisy s affection, it s only for a short time, further proving that it is merely hope for her that exists. This is not enough to keep her and for him to live a full life. Gatsby s love for Daisy made him be a better person- he is loyal, charitable and a go-getter, but yet, he leads a life left in conflict because it is only material things that he has but no substance. Nick s point of view of Gatsby both adores and criticizes him. Nick sees through Gatsby s flashy lifestyle and lying and cheating but on the other hand, he can t help but want to be like him and has high regard for him. The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself (Fitzgerald, 104). Nick goes on to say that he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seve nteen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception, he was faithful to the end (Fitzgerald, 104). We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This obstacle of never being able to bridge the coming into money gap is another reason why Gatsby would never be fully able to live a fulfilled life. Despite the fact that Gatsby is everything he despises, Nick cannot help but believe that Gatsby s heart was in the right place when he says, Gatsby s wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy s dock his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him (Fitzgerald 182).